Monterey's marine gardens

Rocky intertidal at Pt Pinos, with pelicans cruising in
 from the east.

The Monterey Peninsula juts out into the Pacific Ocean at the south end of Monterey Bay along the central California coast. The area is well known for posh homes, golf courses, and tourism, but has an equally wealthy abundance of marine life and history of human connection to the sea. The peninsula is well populated and busy with visitors, hardly wilderness on the terrestrial side, but the rocky intertidal and near-shore subtidal very quickly attenuates human presence and is the realm of rich marine diversity.

Point Piños is situated on the northwest tip of the peninsula and has been a tidepooling destination of mine for years. The intertidal shoreline here consists of smooth bedrock and boulders with only relatively small beaches of coarse sand linking the rocks to the low-elevation upland. Most of the rest of the peninsula is in fact rocky as well, miles of coastline that would take many years of low tides to thoroughly explore.

Yesterday afternoon’s tide was not particularly low, but sufficiently amenable to exploration because the water was calmer than I had expected given the weekend rain that has moved though the northern half of California. There was a light to moderate breeze and partial cloud cover. As the tide dropped, mounds of bright green surf grass (Phyllospadix) that covered low intertidal rocks became exposed. At slightly higher elevations, red seaweeds (many appearing more black then red) dominated the intertidal space. A bit higher still there were carpets of the rockweed Silvetia compressa.

Selected seaweeds at Point Pinos. Upper left: Codium setchellii; upper right: Bryopsis sp.; lower left: Silvetia compressa; lower right: Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii.

Kelps were not particularly abundant, but I noted three species in the section of coastline that I explored. The feather boa (Egregia menziesii), nearly ubiquitous at all rocky intertidal sites along the Pacific coast, was the most abundant species. A more interesting species to me, Dictyoneurum californicum, was present in a few patches very low in the intertidal. This species grows as a mass of skinny brown blades that sway in unison as the surge flushes in and out of the low intertidal. The other kelp species was the perennial Laminaria setchellii, also quite frequent along the west coast of the US, though this species was not particularly abundant at Pt. Piños and seemed a little tattered by this time of year. 

Brown pelican in flight.

As the sun drifted lower on the horizon, an abundance of bird life filled the skies. Flocks of birds, some in more organized patterns like the lines of brown pelicans, cruised from east to west. In fact, all of these marine birds may have been there all along, but I was more oblivious to their presence as I focused on taking notes of seaweeds at the site.

The peninsula is well protected legally from resource exploitation and is also a conservation-minded community. Much of the rocky coastline and near shore areas of the peninsula are protected in state marine reserves or state marine conservation areas that completely limit take of all species (marine reserves) or allow limited fishing (conservation areas). Pt Piños itself is in the Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area. Monterey is also at the center of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a large NOAA-administered marine protected area that extends along the outer coast from the Bay Area to Cambria south of Big Sur. Sanctuary status protects the nearshore region from oil drilling and mining.

New seaweed finds in central California

At the end of my trip through the southwest, I shifted from National Parks and lizards and desert wildflowers to marine life of the central California coast. At tidepooling stops in Cambria and northern Santa Cruz County, I encountered two new-to-me brown seaweed species, exciting discoveries punctuating my long-term study of natural history and biogeography along the west coast.

The first new species was a high intertidal species of rockweed at Cambria in San Luis Obispo County. Rockweeds are a family of brown seaweeds in the order Fucales. Many coastal visitors (enthusiastic about slimy seaweeds or not) have likely seen these organisms since they tend to be common on rocky shorelines and live high in the intertidal zone where a good low tide isn’t necessary to leave them exposed.

Until recently, five rockweed species were recognized along the California coast (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976; Gabrielson et al. 2004; Gabrielson et al. 2012). These species are Fucus distichus, Silvetia compressa, Hesperphycus californicus, Pelvetiopsis limitata, and Pelvetiopsis arborescens. There have been several changes to the scientific names of the California rockweeds since the publication of the landmark book on California seaweeds (Marine Algae of California; Abbott and Hollenberg 1976), so I’ve included the older Latin names in the table below.

Wandering the west coast, I have seen all five of these species at various points, the rarest being P. arborescens which is only found in the vicinity of Monterey. My visit to Cambria last month was my first encounter with the sixth rockweed species, since it was newly described in the scientific literature in a paper earlier this year (Neiva et al. 2017). Maybe I have seen it before without recognizing it as a distinct species.

Two common rockweed species in California: Fucus distichus (left; Carmel Pt., Monterey Co., 2014) and Silvetia compressa (right; Scott Creek, Santa Cruz Co., 2007).

Traditionally species have been described based on their morphology, but increasingly molecular signatures are complementing, and even upending, traditional concepts of differences between species. Neiva and colleagues examined mitochondrial DNA from Pelvetiopsis and Hesperophycus, identifying a new species of Pelvetiopsis: P. hybrida.

Neiva et al.’s study resulted in some other interesting findings. First, they found evidence that P. hybrida originated because of a relatively recent hybridization event between Hesperophycus californicus and Pelvetiopsis arborescens. Up until this study, the authors note, this type of hybridization (allopolyploidy) has probably never been documented before in brown seaweeds. Polyploidy refers to chromosome multiplication inside the nucleus during a hybridization event (for instance, a hybrid progeny has twice the number of chromosomes as its parents). Allopolyploidy occurs when the two parents are from different species.

Second, the researchers confirmed that P. arborescens is a distinct species genetically, and suggested that its restricted range indicates it is a climatic relict. Finally, they found that the evidence didn’t favor placing Hesperophycus on its own separate branch on the evolutionary tree. Instead this genus seemed to stem from within the Pelvetiopsis branch, meaning that it should be renamed to be a part of that group. Hesperophycus californicus was this renamed to P. californicus in the study. 

Pelvetiopsis spp. along the US west coast. Clockwise from upper left: P. limitata (Dillon Beach, Marin Co., CA, 2008), P. californicus (Cambria, San Luis Obispo Co., 2017), P. hybrida (Cambria, 2017) and P. arborescens (Carmel Pt., Monterey Co., CA, 2017).

All those scientific name changes, annoying as they can be when trying to be a diligent student of natural history, are part of the evolution of scientific understanding and hopefully bring us to a better picture of the true evolutionary relationships among organisms over time. So, the current names for the (now) six species of California rockweeds are below:

Note that Silva et al. (2004) recognize two subspecies of Silvetia compressa: S. compressa ssp. compressa on the mainland coast of North America and S. compressa ssp. deliquescens on the Channel Islands in southern California.

At Cambria, the high intertidal rocks had populations of P. hybrida where it was pretty common. I photographed the species pretty intensely, noting that they seemed different from the usual Pelvetiopsis limitata (this species is the most common and widespread of all the species in the genus where I tend to tidepool), but I wasn’t confident I was really seeing the new species until I returned home and reviewed Neiva et al’s paper. Perhaps unsurprisingly because it is a hybrid lineage, P. hybrida is morphologically intermediate to its parent lineages. It has some cryptostomata (tufts of very small colorless hairs on the surface of the plant) like Hesperophycus, but its branches are narrower, intermediate between the two parental species. 

A mix of four intertidal rockweed species at Point Pinos, Monterey Co., 2016. Can you identify the four species?

~ ~ ~ ~

My second new seaweed find got me really excited. It was a kelp, another group of brown seaweeds in the order Laminariales. Kelps are one of my favorite groups of marine plants and after about two decades of tidepooling along the west coast, I think I’ve seen virtually every species that occurs between San Diego to Washington…except one. That would be the elusive Laminaria ephemera.

I’ve seen L. ephemera as a herbarium specimen to be sure, but until this spring I had never seen it in the wild. The magic location was Greyhound Rock in northern Santa Cruz County.

As I often do during rocky intertidal visits, I was compiling a list of large brown seaweeds (Laminariales, Fucales, etc.) present at the site, when I stumbled upon a few long kelp blades in the low intertidal that didn’t immediately register as a known species. The blades were entire (not divided), long, slender, and simple except for a really pronounced sorus (area of spore production) at the center of the blades. I initially thought of Laminaria farlowii, but the blades of that species are distinctly ruffled all over its surface. And then my mind settled on Laminaria ephemera, a species I had long known about but had never positively identified in the field.

The key feature to identify L. ephemera lies in the holdfast. Unlike most other kelp species, it has a discoid holdfast that lacks haptera (spreading branches that superficially resemble plant roots). The holdfast is essentially a small golden brown suction cup that anchors the plant to a rock. Gently moving aside some of the algal cover around the base of the plant, sure enough, I could see the small smooth holdfast.

Laminaria ephemera at Greyhound Rock, Santa Cruz Co., CA, April 2017. Left: Blades. Right: close-up of discoid holdfast.

The population of L. ephemera I discovered was of unknown size, but it didn’t seem large from my observations. There were about 10 blades that seemed to meet the visual criteria for the species, and I checked about half of those to verify the presence of the correct holdfast. There were smaller kelp blades in the low intertidal that could have been less mature plants of the species, or possibly specimens of L. sinclairii or L. setchellii, both of which were also present at the site. The challenge with identification of the kelps is that the juvenile sporophytes all look terribly similar, regardless of species.

Two blades of L. ephemera with sori (regions of a seaweed blade that produce spores) at Greyhound Rock, April 2017.

How would a large seaweed like L. ephemera be hard to miss? A few reasons perhaps. First, as one of the few annual kelps, L. ephemera would quickly mature and then disappear after several months of growth. It would be an unlikely find in the fall or winter. Second, blades might be easily confused for small plants of L. setchellii (before the blade begins to divide into individual straps) or L. sinclairii. One would have to check every holdfast to distinguish L. ephemera from related kelps. Finally, L. ephemera appears to be fairly rare along the west coast of the US. Abbott and Hollenberg (1976) note that it is present from Alaska to Monterey County, but also call it “infrequent”. Reviewing herbarium records available on-line at the Macroalgal Herbarium Portal, in California this species seems to have mainly been collected from Monterey and Humboldt Counties, so my finding of a small population in northern Santa Cruz County may possibly be a new location for this species. This is a species I’d like to study further in terms of prior collections, and … I need to check more kelp holdfasts in the field!

References

Abbott IA, Hollenberg GJ. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press.

Gabrielson PW, Widdowson TB, Lindstrom SC. 2004. Keys to the seaweeds and seagrasses of Oregon and California, north of Point Conception. Phycological Contribution No 6.

Gabrielson PW, Lindstrom SC, O’Kelly CJ. 2012. Keys to the seaweeds and seagrasses of southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Phycological Contribution No 8.

Macroalgal Herbarium Portal. 2017. http://macroalgae.org/portal/index/php. Accessed 16 May 2017.

Neiva J, Serrão EA, Anderson L, Raimondi PT, Martins N, Gouveia L,Paulino C, Coelho NC, Miller KA, Reed DC, Ladah LB, Pearson GA. 2017. Cryptic diversity, geographical endemism and allopolyploidy in NE Pacific seaweeds. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17:30.

Silva PC. 1990. Hesperophycus Setchell & Gardner, nom. cons. prop., a problematic name applied to a distinct genus of Fucaceae (Phaeophyceae). Taxon 39:1-8.

Silva PC, Pedroche FF, Chacana ME, Aguilar-Rosas R, Aguilar-Rosas LE, Raum J. 2004. Geographic correlation of morphological and molecular variation in Silvetia compressa (Fucaceae, Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 43:204-214.